Tristan Ewins
In ‘The Age’ on August 9th 2015, Socialist Left Labor Senator
Kim Carr provided a statement in defence of the ALP’s standing Socialist
Objective. That includes the
‘socialisation objective’ specifically which (originally in 1921) committed
Labor to the following:
‘‘The Australian Labor Party is a
democratic socialist party and has the objective of the democratic
socialisation of industry, production, distribution and exchange, to the extent
necessary to eliminate exploitation and other antisocial features in these
fields.’’
He also relates how in 1981
“23 explanatory subparagraphs
were added to it. These set out goals such as full employment, the abolition of
poverty, a more equal distribution of wealth and the elimination of
exploitation in the home.”
Carr places himself at odds with NSW Labor Leader Luke Foley
– for whom the socialisation objective was ‘confusing’. Foley was beginning from the assumption that
socialisation means nationalisation – and that those defending it were simply
engaging in obfuscation. For Foley Labor
ought ‘say what it means and mean what it says’. If we
are about ending exploitation, then in the Marxist sense this infers the
abolition of wage labour. This is
important – as is the question of socialisation interpreted as
nationalisation. And we will come back
to this later- to consider why the positions of both Foley and Carr are
problematic.
For Kim Carr it is the more-recent explanatory paragraphs
which communicate the true essence of the Party’s Socialist Objective. Further elaboration or reformulation are thus
considered not necessary.
Some commentators have argued to the effect that these ‘explanatory
paragraphs’ rendered the Objective meaningless anyway. But before proceeding it is useful to
consider specifics. Hence the following
selection from that section of the ALP Platform in question:
"c) Redistribution of political and economic
power so that all members of society have the opportunity to participate in the
shaping and control of the institutions and relationships which determine their
lives.
"d) Maintenance of and support for a
competitive non-monopolistic private sector, including small business and
farming, controlled and owned by Australians, operating within clear social
guidelines and objectives.
"l) Equal access and rights to employment,
education, information, technology, housing, health and welfare services,
cultural and leisure activities and the law.
"j) The abolition of poverty, and the
achievement of greater equality in the distribution of income, wealth and
opportunity.
"n) Recognition and protection of fundamental
political and civil rights, including freedom of expression, the press,
assembly, association, conscience and religion; the right to privacy; the
protection of the individual from oppression by the state; and democratic
reform of the Australian legal system.
"p) Elimination of discrimination and
exploitation on the grounds of class, race, sex, sexuality, religion, political
affiliation, national origin, citizenship, age, disability, regional location,
economic or household status.
"t) Recognition of the need to work towards
achieving ecologically sustainable development.
"u) Maintenance of world peace; an independent
Australian position in world affairs; the recognition of the right of all
nations to self determination and independence; regional and international
agreement for arms control and disarmament; the provision of economic and
social aid to developing nations; a commitment to resolve international
conflicts through the UN; and a recognition of the inalienable right of all
people to liberty, equality, democracy and social justice."
Hence the
Objective is really quite extensive and substantial, and it does not restrict
itself solely to socialisation interpreted as nationalisation. Indeed it could
be considered both politically liberal and democratic socialist as well in the
sense of advocating universal social rights of citizenship. The promise of moving towards equality of
political and economic power suggests a radically redistributive project, but
at the same time there is the important (and realistic) concession in support
for a non-monopolistic, competitive private sector.
This Objective – reformulated in 1981 to be inclusive of both the Party’s Left and Right could be interpreted after the way of Nordic social democracy, with the probable implication of supporting a comprehensive welfare state and social wage; a progressive taxation system; as well as appropriate industrial rights. But there is room for improvement. Some of these could be spelled out more clearly and overtly. And the significance of socialisation interpreted either as occurring through the public sector – or through a more diverse ‘democratic sector’ including State Aid for co-operative and mutualist enterprise – is not elaborated upon sufficiently.
This Objective – reformulated in 1981 to be inclusive of both the Party’s Left and Right could be interpreted after the way of Nordic social democracy, with the probable implication of supporting a comprehensive welfare state and social wage; a progressive taxation system; as well as appropriate industrial rights. But there is room for improvement. Some of these could be spelled out more clearly and overtly. And the significance of socialisation interpreted either as occurring through the public sector – or through a more diverse ‘democratic sector’ including State Aid for co-operative and mutualist enterprise – is not elaborated upon sufficiently.
Kim Carr
gives the impression that he believes Foley’s proposed Objective is “tepid” and
weak – and could just as easily find a place in the Platform of the Liberal
Party. After all, who today disagrees
with the principle of ‘equal opportunity’ – at least openly or ‘in theory’? Carr gestures towards the true inequality of
opportunities that persist under capitalism ; for instance the meaninglessness
of any ‘freedom’ of individuals to negotiate terms in the labour market – where
the only real strength of workers under these circumstances – their collective
solidarity – is progressively undermined and even criminalised. He argues that this:
“is like saying that a millionaire
and a homeless person have the same freedom of choice to sleep under bridges”
And for
socialists ‘equal opportunity’ must mean more than ‘meritocracy in the labour
market’. As the Objective insists, it must include: “Equal access and rights
to employment, education, information, technology, housing, health and welfare
services, cultural and leisure activities and the law.” Socialism
implies progress towards the principle of ‘From each according to ability,
to each according to need’.
Sure, the Liberals make a mockery of ‘equal opportunity’ in practice – supporting privilege in Education, and proposing deregulation where quality of education would depend upon user pays mechanisms which excluded the poor and much of the working class. Chris Bowen has also gone a bit further, arguing for equality of outcomes in Health. Bowen’s proposal of a ‘toothless’ National Conference; his apparent opposition to a robust mixed economy; his support for a simpler (ie: in reality less progressive) tax system – are all disappointing. But support for real equality of opportunity in education, and crucially equality of outcomes in health - comprise a beach-head for something more progressive – and so this common ground should be capitalised upon.
Sure, the Liberals make a mockery of ‘equal opportunity’ in practice – supporting privilege in Education, and proposing deregulation where quality of education would depend upon user pays mechanisms which excluded the poor and much of the working class. Chris Bowen has also gone a bit further, arguing for equality of outcomes in Health. Bowen’s proposal of a ‘toothless’ National Conference; his apparent opposition to a robust mixed economy; his support for a simpler (ie: in reality less progressive) tax system – are all disappointing. But support for real equality of opportunity in education, and crucially equality of outcomes in health - comprise a beach-head for something more progressive – and so this common ground should be capitalised upon.
Hence we desperately need to
commit to a National Aged Care Insurance Scheme, Medicare Dental, and ‘closing the gap’ on
life expectancy of the mentally ill – ahead of the next Federal election.
Notably:
because the Conservatives are progressively abandoning meaningful commitments
to political liberty and civil rights, as well as genuine and comprehensive
meritocracy through a more accessible and equitable regime of Education – that should
not be taken as a signal to simply opportunistically occupy the vacated
political space. (ie: the space vacated by the now-marginal Liberal 'Wets' faction) Aspects of Greens policy have been depicted as ‘extreme’;
whereas in reality they are closer to the legacy of Whitlam, say, than we are
ourselves often in the ALP today. We
cannot accept these terms of debate ; and we cannot simply move to the Right
and allow the Greens alone to occupy that political terrain. The Politics of ‘Convergence
on the Centre’ are really self-defeating where it occurs on the terms of our
Conservative rivals, and on the terms of an Ideological monopoly mass media.
If we are truly a democratic socialist party we must not only exist for winning elections as an end in itself. We must be about contesting the very substance of ‘the mainstream’, progressively reshaping the discourse to shift the relative centre to the Left in keeping with our values. Antonio Gramsci would refer to the formation of a ‘counter-hegemonic historic bloc’ – an alliance of forces through which society’s ‘common sense’ is reconstructed as the substance of democratic socialism. Again after Gramsci this could be interpreted as a ‘war of position’ – taken in our own specific circumstances as a process of laying political siege to, and contesting the institutions of civil society and the state. Culminating in the democratisation of the State itself – so that the way is unambiguously open for ‘a democratic path’ to socialism.
If we are truly a democratic socialist party we must not only exist for winning elections as an end in itself. We must be about contesting the very substance of ‘the mainstream’, progressively reshaping the discourse to shift the relative centre to the Left in keeping with our values. Antonio Gramsci would refer to the formation of a ‘counter-hegemonic historic bloc’ – an alliance of forces through which society’s ‘common sense’ is reconstructed as the substance of democratic socialism. Again after Gramsci this could be interpreted as a ‘war of position’ – taken in our own specific circumstances as a process of laying political siege to, and contesting the institutions of civil society and the state. Culminating in the democratisation of the State itself – so that the way is unambiguously open for ‘a democratic path’ to socialism.
Kim Carr
concludes his commentary by elaborating on what socialisation means to
him. To establish this we will reproduce
some of his closing comments on socialisation:
“It is not about the straw man of extensive
public ownership and a centrally planned economy. But it is about public
entrepreneurialism, and public investment in the forms of human endeavour that
are necessary to build and sustain a democratic, just and technologically
advanced society.
Socialisation is about defending a just minimum wage and fair working
conditions. It is about the creation and defence of Medicare, the enhancement
of a great public education system, and the construction of national
infrastructure such as the Snowy Mountains Scheme and the National Broadband
Network.”
While Carr’s support for public education, nation-building
infrastructure and ‘public entrepreneurialism’ are encouraging, he himself
appears to be conceding substantially to the neo-liberal Ideology. That is: In the sense of implying support for
‘small government’ through rejection of an “extensive” public sector. While Foley wants to get rid of the
socialisation objective because he rejects any radical connotations, Carr seems
to be implying that we sidestep or reject content associated with public
ownership – content which could potentially and progressively challenge the
current distribution of power and wealth under capitalism. (and hence a possible 'bone of contention' with capitalists) Though
again: perhaps Carr is open to tax reform, as well as social wage, social insurance
and welfare extension – all of which are central components of a democratic
socialist agenda of ‘socialisation’. In this sense perhaps Carr is less enthusiastic about 'smaller government'.
Here we could do with specifics – and policy ambition.
Few today support a Soviet model of centralised state planning. But we should not close our eyes to the possibilities of strategically extending the public sector, and engaging in strategic instances of planning. Neo-liberal Ideology rules out public and democratic sector expansion as well as socialisation interpreted as regulation where ‘the absolutism and prerogatives of capital’ are progressively curtailed. (see the work of the Swedish social democratic thinker, Nils Karleby) But the old socialist Ideology aspired towards progressive nationalisation – potentially over decades. In the 1970s socialists like Stuart Holland hoped that the ‘commanding heights’ of the economy would ultimately revert into public hands. Today, though, we could well embrace the project of a ‘democratic mixed economy’.
Few today support a Soviet model of centralised state planning. But we should not close our eyes to the possibilities of strategically extending the public sector, and engaging in strategic instances of planning. Neo-liberal Ideology rules out public and democratic sector expansion as well as socialisation interpreted as regulation where ‘the absolutism and prerogatives of capital’ are progressively curtailed. (see the work of the Swedish social democratic thinker, Nils Karleby) But the old socialist Ideology aspired towards progressive nationalisation – potentially over decades. In the 1970s socialists like Stuart Holland hoped that the ‘commanding heights’ of the economy would ultimately revert into public hands. Today, though, we could well embrace the project of a ‘democratic mixed economy’.
The ‘way forward’ to something along the lines of
‘socialising the commanding heights’ appears to be blocked on account of the
dominant Ideology, and also because of the power of Capital to obstruct reform
through destabilisation, capital strike, disinformation etc. Indeed, this can be a corrupting influence
upon democracies. Here, while the sheer
political and economic clout of the biggest transnationals is a genuine threat
to democracy, working people and citizens nonetheless stand to benefit from
jobs-creating-investment, and as consumers from various innovations in areas
ranging from automotive industries to information technology. While the scale of the transnationals is in
some ways threatening – and we need to frankly recognise this - the economies
of scale and competition involved can have benefits in these fields. Though
there are also other problems (eg: built-in-obsolescence) which might be
remediable through some form of regulation.
And global solidarity of labour is necessary to prevent the
transnationals from simply exploiting the poorest and least organised workers.
And yet much of the old socialism remains instructive.
Capitalism can be inefficient, unstable and wasteful. It can create conditions
of exploitation and human alienation.
The expropriation of a portion of the proceeds from labour by
capitalists remains morally problematic even though few on today’s Labor Left
will openly discuss this. For genuinely small investors (eg: other workers) dividends may comprise a fair return in the context of making a sacrifice through deferring consumption. But in the bigger picture a portion of the value created by workers is expropriated by capitalists. (ie: Surplus Value) Workers generally do not enjoy the full proceeds of their labours. These arguments are commonly ignored simply because the consequences are potentially
radical for a Left ‘on the back foot’ in a steady (decades-long) process of
liquidating its own traditions in order to ‘Converge at the Centre’. Here it was really Hawke and Keating who ‘led
the way’ providing the ‘inspiration’ for Blair. We need to retain a frank critique of
capitalism even if the movement towards something better has currently stalled.
But the extension of the ‘democratic sector’ - including the important ‘subset’ of the public sector -remains important despite being at odds with the prevailing Ideology. By ‘the democratic sector’ we refer not only to the traditional public sector, but also to a multiplicity of co-operative and mutualist forms, as well as democratic collective capital formation and other like-projects, as well as self-employment and co-determination. These democratic economic forms and strategies can mitigate or indeed end instances of alienation and exploitation. They can result in a more equitable distribution of wealth and the power that corresponds to this; and also give working people creative control over their labours.
But the extension of the ‘democratic sector’ - including the important ‘subset’ of the public sector -remains important despite being at odds with the prevailing Ideology. By ‘the democratic sector’ we refer not only to the traditional public sector, but also to a multiplicity of co-operative and mutualist forms, as well as democratic collective capital formation and other like-projects, as well as self-employment and co-determination. These democratic economic forms and strategies can mitigate or indeed end instances of alienation and exploitation. They can result in a more equitable distribution of wealth and the power that corresponds to this; and also give working people creative control over their labours.
Efficiencies and reduction of cost-structures through
natural public monopolies can also be capitalised upon – flowing on to the private
sector and making better wages and conditions, and more progressive corporate
taxation sustainable. For instance: did
we really ever need two sets of mobile telephony infrastructure? And what price are we still paying for that
duplication? Indeed, ‘competition’ in
areas such as energy, transport and communications infrastructure, water – are
still deeply ‘anti-intuitive’, wasteful and unnecessary. Hence it is possible to add to the current
capitalism’s survivability while laying foundation stones for something better
‘long term’.
An extended public sector specifically can lead to many other desirable outcomes. Socialisation of profits via public enterprises in areas like mining, general insurance, private health insurance and banking could (in the Australian context) deliver tens of billions into welfare, infrastructure and social wage programs. And a ‘not-for-profit’ footing could enable better pay and conditions for child care and other professionals who currently face extreme exploitation. Without getting into a long debate over the labour theory of value – public sector workers could be compensated fairly – but again, profits would be redistributed through the social wage, investment in infrastructure and services, and in welfare. There would be no expropriation of surplus value, here, in the traditional capitalist sense. Though the redistribution of profits could appear to some to be diluting the return to labour. (that would not be a problem for some forms of co-operative enterprise for instance) Government Business Enterprises and public infrastructure could also be administered in such a way as to cross-subsidise in favour of the disadvantaged ; but also to enhance competition where oligopolistic collusion would otherwise be a threat.
An extended public sector specifically can lead to many other desirable outcomes. Socialisation of profits via public enterprises in areas like mining, general insurance, private health insurance and banking could (in the Australian context) deliver tens of billions into welfare, infrastructure and social wage programs. And a ‘not-for-profit’ footing could enable better pay and conditions for child care and other professionals who currently face extreme exploitation. Without getting into a long debate over the labour theory of value – public sector workers could be compensated fairly – but again, profits would be redistributed through the social wage, investment in infrastructure and services, and in welfare. There would be no expropriation of surplus value, here, in the traditional capitalist sense. Though the redistribution of profits could appear to some to be diluting the return to labour. (that would not be a problem for some forms of co-operative enterprise for instance) Government Business Enterprises and public infrastructure could also be administered in such a way as to cross-subsidise in favour of the disadvantaged ; but also to enhance competition where oligopolistic collusion would otherwise be a threat.
So indeed there are many arguments in favour of an extended public
sector as part of a broader project of a ‘democratic mixed economy’. Contra-Luke Foley - Let’s defend the Socialist
Objective. But let’s not dilute it to
the point where it becomes merely token or symbolic. Indeed let’s try and improve the Objective to
make clear our aspirations for a democratic mixed economy; an expanded welfare
state; a reformed tax mix and an expanded social wage. Yet as against Kim Carr’s apparent aversion to an
‘extensive’ public sector, strategic expansion of the public sector remains important
and valid, as does the spread of other democratic forms – such as co-operative
enterprise – with assistance via State Aid. Indeed, these together could comprise a
‘multi-pronged strategy’: a long-awaited Left counter-offensive against the
dominant neo-liberalism.
Both neo-liberalism and the old ‘Communism’ have
demonstrably failed. We need to reject
the prevailing intellectual fetish for ‘undistorted’ markets, privatisation and
small government and return to the question of a democratic mixed economy with
an open mind.
Nb: Several other essays on the theme of a ‘democratic mixed economy’
can be found here: